Potential reasons for discrepancies between the present study with regard to T1DM and prior studies of T2DM are (a) well-controlled glycemic levels with prior insulin therapy, thus decreasing UGE and the incidence of urinary tract or genital infection; (b) patients with T1DM were always young, who generally have the ability to resist infection; and (c) the relatively small sample size of most trials without specific mention of urinary tract or genital infections as a key finding. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.