As numbers of CD64+ monocytes increased during the onset of colitis in DC-LMP1/CD40-mice and CD64+CD11c+MHCII+ monocytes/macrophages, but not CD64−CD11c+MHCII+CD103+ DCs were strong producers of IL-12 and IL-23, it is likely that macrophages or blood-recruited monocytes sustain the inflammatory response also in DC-LMP1/CD40-mice, similar to other models of colitis58. This evidence concerns the gene CD40 and colitis.