Tumor-infiltrating Tregs belong to the non-lymphoid subpopulation, which differs from Tregs present in the circulation or lymphoid organs by the production of the immunesuppressive cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ as well as the expression of chemokine receptors (e.g., CCR4) and other membrane-associated immune modulators [e.g., cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), GITR] (153, 154). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.