TNF and cancer: 2013). The action of CD38+ in cell transmembrane signaling can lead to the production of interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), TNF‐α, and GM‐CSF (i.e., proinflammatory responses); if exercise training lowered CD8+CD38+ expression, it might also reduce the concentration of these cytokines. This would be some evidence toward low‐intensity exercise as a mechanism to decrease inflammation in CFS/ME, and possibly other immunological conditions such as cancer (Erlandson et al. 2013; Evans et al. 2015; Fairey et al. 2005; Zimmer et al. 2014).