Analysis of gene expression in MSCs revealed a similar expression pattern to AML cells (Fig 8C), demonstrating relatively high expression levels of OSR1 and SIX2, low expression levels of other renal epithelial progenitor genes (i.e., PAX2 and CITED1), and comparable levels of FOXD1. Taken together, these results indicate that AML cells markedly differ in renal gene expression from both renal epithelial and stromal progenitors, but rather show a relatively similar expression pattern to MSCs. Here, PAX2 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.