ARF1 and infection: Upon in vivo AMP-GFP reporter analysis after infection with E. coli, ARF1 knockdown showed a dramatic up-regulation of the percent of GFP positive flies for Attacin, Cecropin, Drosocin and Diptericin (87.5%, 88.8%, 100% and 84.21% respectively) as compared to Gal4 control (68.75%, 77.7%, 54.5% and 63.6% respectively) (Fig. 4C–F).