Of significance is the regulatory role of p38 MAPK, and its downstream substrate MAPKAPK2 or MK2, in chronic inflammatory associated diseases such as cancer, pulmonary diseases, metabolic dysfunction, chronic pain, cerebral ischemia, multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer’s and age-related disorders22, 24, 65, 66. The gene discussed is MAPKAPK2; the disease is multiple sclerosis.