Brain tissue from PD patients was shown to contain large molecular complexes (>2000 kDa) of α-Syn and DJ-1.178,179 In addition, decreased DJ-1 solubility was observed in the brains of PD patients.178,180 These studies suggest that α-Syn aggregates recruit DJ-1 to form insoluble inclusions and thereby attenuate its antioxidant neuroprotective ability. This evidence concerns the gene PARK7 and Parkinson disease.