Variables significantly associated with dialysis initiation in the univariate analysis (P < 0.05) as well as variables deemed clinically relevant, which included age, sex, smoking status, use of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) blockade, monthly eGFR level, monthly Hb level, MAP, body mass index (BMI), primary glomerular disease (as an etiology for CKD), DM (as a comorbidity), ischemic heart disease (as a comorbidity), log urine protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR), and serum uric acid level, were forced into the multivariate Cox regression model (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2). Here, REN is linked to diabetes mellitus.