CD274 and neoplasm: Hecht et al. examined PD-L1 expression in 103 pre-nCRT biopsies and 159 post-nCRT surgical specimens including 63 matched samples, and suggested that PD-L1 was upregulated after nCRT, and that low PD-L1 expression on both tumor and inflammatory cells, either at pre-nRCT (hazard ratio = 0.438, p = 0.045) or post-nRCT (hazard ratio = 0.257, p = 0.030), was an independent negative prognostic marker [82].