TNF and viral infectious disease: The miR-US5-1/miR-UL112-3p mutant virus infection resulted in increased secretion of IL-6 (panels ii), CCL5 (panels iii), and TNF-α (in THP-1 cells) (panel iv) compared to WT-infected cells, which was significantly reduced in cells infected with the miRNA mutant virus expressing shRNAs targeting IKKα and IKKβ.