We initially examined PPARα since potential antiviral and immunomodulatory activity of PPARα agonists during viral infection have been reported (Goldwasser et al., 2011; Sehgal et al., 2012), and PPARα agonists have been reported to reverse IFN refractoriness during flaviviral infection (Read et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene IFNA1 and infection.