TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: Since the magnitude and duration of expression of CD4, CD8, IFN-α, TNF-α, and IL-12 was less pronounced in woodchucks treated with the lower dose of JVRS-100, the overall results suggest that administration of JVRS-100 at an effective and safe dose activates an antiviral and antitumor immunity that is mainly mediated by the induction of TH1 immune responses in liver and periphery and thereby blocks the conversion of viral-induced chronic liver disease into HCC in vivo.