In this study we analyzed two cohorts of pre-school children one with and the second without asthma recruited within the Europe-wide study PreDicta (Post-infectious immune reprogramming and its association with persistence and chronicity of respiratory allergic diseases) and addressed the question whether the presence of distinct bacteria in their nasal pharyngeal fluids (NPF) as well as previous antibiotic therapy were associated with different antibacterial immune responses such as IL-33 and IFNβ production in their NPF and IL-33R/ST2 in the blood. This evidence concerns the gene IL1RL1 and asthma.