Two other common non-neuropathic systemic amyloidosis are caused by transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA), both proteins are produced in the liver and affect various organs, however in ATTR heart failure is most common whereas SAA often results in renal failure (reviewed in Chiti and Dobson, 2006). This evidence concerns the gene SAA1 and primary systemic amyloidosis.