An ex vivo analysis of the effects of curcumin on PBMCs showed a decrease in linoleic acid-induced reactive oxygen species generation (p = 0.011) (Fig 5A) and leptin-induced TNF-α production (p = 0.016) (Fig 5B) in monocytes from patients with NAFLD. The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.