The dual action of Lf on circulating TNFα seems to underlie its protective role, since down-modulation of TNFα provided protection against the deleterious impact of endotoxemia, whereas the modulatory role of Lf in the control of TNFα elicitation is critical for eradication of gut-related systemic infections [108,110,146]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and serum lipopolysaccharide activity.