VEGFA and vascular disorder: VEGF and VEGFR receptors have been targeted for anti-angiogenesis therapy, with several VEGF-targeted agents approved by the FDA to treat metastatic renal cell carcinoma11 These therapies can cause both morphologic changes, such as necrosis or hemorrhage, and functional changes, such as reduced tumor vascularity, and also cause vasculopathy of medium/large vessels in the treated ccRCCs12, 13.