NES and Stroke: As shown in Fig. 6s–z, quantitative analysis of the Iba-1 and the Iba-1/nestin-positive cells revealed that following the LPS challenge, a number of Iba-1/nestin-positive cells showed the highest increase 24 h after the LPS challenge, while following MCAO, the number of nestin-positive microglia/macrophages peaked 7 days after stroke followed by decline at 14 days following initial ischemic injury (Fig. 6u, v, y, z).