In the male subgroup, nine genes (A1CF, PDZK1, GCKR, ABCG2, SLC2A9, TRIM46, HNF4G, SLC17A1 and SLC17A4) were determined to be associated with gout risk (all P < 0.05) (Table 2), which was consistent with the results of the association in all samples (Table 1). Here, GCKR is linked to gout.