ATF3 and neoplasm: Most of the MMPs are not detectable in healthy brain tissue and the presence of MMPs suggest a direct correlation to the malignancy of the tumor and the clinical outcome of the patient.8,9,59 In the past decade all clinical studies for MMP inhibition and immunotherapy failed and showed no benefit on migration and tumor progression.60 Therefore we conclude that ATF3 may be a novel target of migration in glioblastoma and should be further investigated.