TLR9 and irritable bowel syndrome: The mRNA expression in jejunum mucosa of TLR4 (mean fold change 1.85 ± 0.31 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; p < 0.05), TLR5 (1.96 ± 0.36 versus 1.0 ± 0.20; p < 0.05), and TLR9 (2.00 ± 0.24 versus 1.0 ± 0.25; p < 0.01) was higher among patients with IBS compared to controls (Figure 1).