Furthermore, significantly higher expression of TGF-β1 has been suggested by studies in clinical testing of serum and liver tissue in active AIH patients [17], suggesting the role of TGF-β1 in early lesions of AIH, while clinical study also found that α-SMA expression was significantly increased in the liver of patients with AIH compared with normal control, suggesting the presence of abnormal activation of HSC in liver of patients with AIH [32]. Here, ACTA1 is linked to autoimmune hepatitis.