Fingolimod phosphate (FTY720), a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) agonist approved for the treatment or RRMS in 2010, was also found to inhibit the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by primary microglia and increase the production of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF and GDNF [88]. Here, TNF is linked to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.