TP53 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Based on these preclinical studies, the first clinical trial of p53 gene therapy was carried out by Roth et al., who directly administrated a retroviral vector containing the WT p53 gene into nine NSCLC patients for whom conventional treatments had failed, and the results showed tumor regression in three of the patients and a stabilization of tumor growth in a further three patients [9].