TNF and Cirrhosis: Baseline serum TNFα concentrations were significantly increased in both cirrhosis models (OO 20.5 ± 0.5 pg/ml versus 16-wk CCl4 1,102 ± 270 pg/ml, d = 1,081, 95% CI 470, 1,693, p < 0.001; sham 727 ± 219 pg/ml versus BDL 4,006 ± 247 pg/ml, d = 3,279, 95% CI 1,417, 5,141, p < 0.001).