TNF and atherosclerosis: Various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors like interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNFs), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factors (GM-CSF), and interferons have been reported to play important roles in vascular pathologies including atherosclerosis [69, 70, 75].