Since Leishmania-induced IL-32 and TNFα showed similar time course production (increase from 4 h to 24 h), to explore the influence of Leishmania-induced TNFα in the production of IL-32, TNFα was efficiently blocked using specific antibodies during Leishmania species infection (Fig 1D, left panel), leading to a significant reduction in intracellular IL-32 production (Fig 1D, right panel). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.