Thus, although in in vitro model presented here, L. (L.)amazonensis induced higher levels of IL-32γ and TNFα than L. (V.)braziliensis in human macrophages, the higher production of IL-10 and IL-1Ra induced by L. (L.)amazonensis can be responsible by further control of inflammatory process and immunosuppression in in vivo infections caused by this species. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.