TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: After adjustment for age, gender, age at diagnosis, neighborhood income quintile, disease duration, disease subtype, history of immunomodulator therapy, history of steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent disease, and aggressive IBD phenotype, publicly funded subjects were more than 2-fold more likely to be hospitalized following the decision to start anti-TNF therapy (Table 4, incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.30; 95% CI: 1.19–4.43, P = 0.013).