In addition, expression of constitutively active Licact sufficed to upregulate upd3 expression in lymph glands (Fig. 4F), and upd3 was upregulated by Licact to a greater extent than ligands such as Spatzle or Eiger (Fig. S4A), which can activate the Toll and JNK pathways, respectively, and induce melanotic tumours (Qiu et al., 1998; Zettervall et al., 2004). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is neoplasm.