TNF and viral infectious disease: To examine the NF-kB inhibition effect of LH-C on virus-induced inflammatory responses, we used qRT-PCR to measure cytokine/chemokine expression in A549 cells infected with PR8 (MOI = 0.1) at 24 h p.i. As shown in Fig. 5, virus infection induced a robust increase in the gene expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IP-10, MCP-1, whereas LH-C treatment exhibited a prominent inhibitory effect in a dose-dependent manner.