Currently three monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 are under Phase I/III clinical trials for the treatment of various solid tumors, and two of them, pembrolizumab and nivolumab were granted FDA approval in 2014 for the treatment of metastatic melanoma (Sharma and Allison, 2015a), and subsequently for the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.