CD274 and infection: Bacterial (Wu et al., 2010), fungal (Lazar-Molnar et al., 2008a), parasitic (Terrazas et al., 2005), (Smith et al., 2004), and protozoan (Joshi et al., 2009) infections have been shown to induce increased expression of peripheral PD-L1 and PD-L2, which contribute to evasion of the host immune response.