TNF and acute myeloid leukemia: The local cytokine network was also altered during AML-MSC coculture; the levels of three mediators were relatively low (Tie-2, HGF, and VEGF), whereas especially CXCL1/5, IL-1β/10, TNFα, MMP-1, G-CSF, and GM-CSF showed supra-additive effects in cocultures.