DICER1 and pleuropulmonary blastoma: Two highly correlated markers (r2=0.99) at 14q32.13 are located between GSC and DICER1. GSC modulates the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and mutations in GSC lead to a syndrome defined by short stature, auditory canal atresia, mandibular hypoplasia and skeletal abnormalities31, whereas DICER1 mutations have been reported to cause pleuropulmonary blastoma and multinodular goiter-1, with or without Sertoli–Leydig cell tumours (MNG1)32, and Dicer1 conditional knockout mice exhibit secondary palate clefting and other severe craniofacial dysmorphisms33.