INS and diabetes mellitus: In a further analysis of the mechanism of action of polysaccharides in diabetes, Karumuthil-Melethil, et al. [176] reported that immune cells recognize β-glucans through a cell surface pathogen recognition receptor called dectin-1, suggesting that the observed innate immune response induced by low-dose β-glucan is regulatory in nature that can be used to modulate T cell response to pancreatic β-cells for inducing protection from type 1 diabetes (T1D), where the pancreas does not produce any insulin.