However, after adjusting for staging using the modified interstitial lung disease gender–age–physiology (ILD-GAP) index, established as a prognostic predictor24, 25, anti-MX1 autoantibody–positive non-IPF patients were found to have significantly better prognosis than autoantibody-negative non-IPF patients (Fig. 5). Here, MX1 is linked to interstitial lung disease.