Since then anti- CTLA-4 antibody tremelimumab, anti-PD-1 antibodies pembrolizumab and nivolumab and PD-L1 antibodies, atezolizumab and durvalumab, have shown beneficial effects in several cancers (Wolchok et al., 2010; Topalian et al., 2012, 2014; Ribas et al., 2013b; Larkin et al., 2015; Robert et al., 2015a; Postow et al., 2015; Fehrenbacher et al., 2016; Ferris et al., 2016; Massard et al., 2016; Reck et al., 2016; Rittmeyer et al., 2017) (Table 1). The gene discussed is PDCD1; the disease is cancer.