VCAM1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Some studies have shown that T2DM patients have higher levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (5-10).