NFKB1 and infection: Papadakos et al showed that following infection of gastric epithelial cells with H. pylori strains, a higher activation of NF-kB was observed in the presence on phosphorylated EPIYA-C motifs and in lower levels, in the absence of cagA expression and CagA phosphorylation or in the cases where EPIYA-C motifs are totally absent (33) Others proposed that CagA multimerization (CM) motif, the highly conserved amino acid sequence FPLKRHDKVDDLSK, is contributed in IL-8 activation (40,41).