TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: As these cytokines were found to be most consistently upregulated in intestinal tissues from IBD patients and an array of mouse models for intestinal inflammation (Dionne et al., 1997; Raddatz et al., 2005; Matsuda et al., 2009; Yeruva et al., 2010, 2015), we investigated the effect of TNF-α, IFN-γ [added because it may be necessary for inducing IL-1β and TNF-α receptors in intestinal epithelial cells and Caco2BBE cells (Panja et al., 1998; Wang et al., 2006)], and IL-1β on PDZK1 mRNA and protein expression as well as promoter activity in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2BBE.