BRCA1 and ovarian carcinoma: Return of information that is of no immediate benefit to a child but may be of benefit to other family members (e.g., the presence of pathogenic BRCA1 mutation for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer in a little boy so that his mother can be tested for the mutation) is particularly contentious because it violates a core ethical principle that medical procedures in children are only justifiable if they directly benefit the child [101, 113].