Because ApoE-/- mice fed with a regular chow diet exhibit only very subtle phenotypes at 10 weeks, with small lesions on 0.5% of the surface of the aorta [26], the 6.5-fold and 5.1-fold increases in IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively, against the pMAA group in ApoE-/- mice at 3 months indicates that antibodies against the pMAA group have potential as a very sensitive biomarker for early atherosclerosis. This evidence concerns the gene APOE and atherosclerosis.