As expected, infection with bacteria deficient for the enzymes GmhB (ΔgmhB) or WaaC (ΔwaaC), which act downstream of HldE in the ADP heptose biosynthetic pathway [30] (S4A Fig), induced strong IL-8 expression (Fig 5D and 5E, S4B Fig). Here, CXCL8 is linked to infection.