As the frequency of escape was similar between complete genetic deletion of PD-L1 (Fig. 5a bottom right panel) and anti-PD-1 treatment in PD-L1-deficient tumours (Fig. 5b, right panel), escape following complete functional ablation of PD-L1 is most likely driven by mechanisms independent of the PD-1 axis. The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is neoplasm.