ROCK expression at the gene and protein level as well as its activity were increased in bladder smooth muscle of hepatic-specific insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 double knockout mice, which develop type 2 diabetes and bladder dysfunction; furthermore, ROCK expression and activity correlated with hyper- and hypoactivity states of the bladder (Wang et al. 2012). The gene discussed is IRS1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.