MT-ND4 and Alzheimer disease: We measured the mRNA expression of selected, important factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1-α, Tfam, Nrf1, CYTB, COX1, COX3, ND1, ND4, ATP6), apoptosis (Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl2l1, Casp8, Casp9, Casp3), inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB), neuroplasticity (Bdnf, Nog, Bmp4), and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (Cdk5, Cdk5r1, Gsk3a, Gsk3b) in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex of C57BL/6J mice, apoE−/− mice, and Alda-1-treated apoE−/− mice.