For instance, a low concentration of cisplatin (CDDP) has been shown to upregulate PD‐L1 expression in mouse hepatoma H22 cells, whereas paclitaxel, etoposide and 5‐fluorouracil could induce PD‐L1 expression in human breast cancer cells (Qin et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2008). The gene discussed is CD274; the disease is breast carcinoma.