This strongly suggests that these mentioned pAMPK/mTOR pathways are mediating the autophagy response in ALS-hMSCs, and importantly that the ALS phenotype also causes abnormal regulation of autophagy induction, rather than acting on other controls along the autophagic pathways (i.e. autophagosome elongation, amphisome formation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion and lysosomal degradation; Klionsky et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene MTOR and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.