Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that a limitation of TNFα signalling specifically in astrocytes could be beneficial in autism spectrum disorders (Okabe et al., 2012, Petrelli et al., 2016, Yasui et al., 2013) and that some β-lactam antibiotics can increase GLT-1 expression and delay amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression in animals (Rothstein et al., 2005). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and autism spectrum disorder.