DES and hydrops fetalis: Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of collagen 1, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), desmin, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) β in the liver showed that these fibrosis markers were substantially up-regulated in the liver of the Ath+HF group and repressed in the Ath+HF+BCAA group (Figure 1B).